The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a complex journey, and at age 20, individuals find themselves in a unique developmental stage that lies between the teenage years and full adulthood. Psychologically, 20-year-olds are often in a phase known as emerging adulthood, where they continue to mature emotionally, socially, and cognitively. But are they still considered "kids" in psychological terms? The answer varies, depending on perspectives in developmental psychology, neuroscience, and social psychology. Let's explore what psychology says about this transitional age.
1. The Concept of Emerging Adulthood
Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett introduced the term emerging adulthood to describe the phase between 18 and 25, during which young people undergo significant self-discovery, identity formation, and exploration of life roles. Emerging adults are neither fully adolescents nor fully adults but rather in an in-between period where they experiment with independence, relationships, and careers.
In this phase, individuals face questions of identity and self-sufficiency that are typically associated with adulthood, yet they may still rely on family support and experience a degree of uncertainty similar to their teenage years. Thus, from a psychological perspective, a 20-year-old is not exactly a “kid,” but they may still have some characteristics associated with youth as they gradually take on adult responsibilities.
2. Cognitive Development and Brain Maturity
One of the key factors in determining maturity is brain development. Neuroscientific research shows that the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and rational thinking), continues to develop well into a person's mid-20s. At 20, individuals are still refining their ability to plan for the future, assess risks, and control impulses—cognitive skills that are crucial for adult functioning.
This ongoing brain development explains why young adults may still exhibit some adolescent-like behavior and may not yet fully grasp long-term consequences. However, they also possess increased cognitive abilities and independence compared to younger teenagers. Therefore, while a 20-year-old might not have the same neurological maturity as a 30-year-old, they are certainly moving away from the “kid” stage as they develop essential adult skills.
3. Social and Emotional Development
In terms of social and emotional development, a 20-year-old is often navigating new levels of independence and exploring their values, career goals, and interpersonal relationships. They may still seek guidance and support from parents and mentors, yet they are also forming a stronger sense of identity. According to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, individuals in their early twenties are often in the stage of identity vs. role confusion or intimacy vs. isolation, where they strive to define their sense of self and begin forming close, committed relationships.
While they are typically more independent than teenagers, emerging adults may still experience some emotional volatility and be uncertain about their life direction. Psychologists note that while a 20-year-old may have elements of youth, they are generally progressing towards emotional stability and a clearer sense of identity.
4. The Role of Culture and Societal Expectations
Cultural perspectives also play a role in how we view the maturity of a 20-year-old. In many Western cultures, reaching age 18 or 21 is often associated with legal adulthood and certain privileges, such as voting rights and greater independence. However, this legal distinction does not necessarily align with psychological maturity, and many 20-year-olds may still live with their parents or rely on family support as they navigate early adulthood.
In other cultures, adulthood may be marked by specific life events or roles, such as marriage, career stability, or parenthood, which can further delay the perception of adulthood. In this sense, a 20-year-old may be seen as still “growing up” if they haven’t yet assumed full adult responsibilities, blurring the line between adolescence and adulthood.
5. Autonomy and Responsibility
A defining aspect of adulthood in psychology is the ability to take on responsibility and act autonomously. At 20, individuals are often learning to manage their own finances, make career decisions, and form independent relationships. Although they may still be gaining experience in these areas, they are generally much more capable of taking responsibility than younger teens.
However, due to ongoing brain development and life experience, some 20-year-olds may still rely on guidance for major decisions. This blend of independence and occasional reliance on support may make them appear like “young adults” rather than fully mature adults, highlighting their unique position between childhood and adulthood.
Conclusion: Is a 20-Year-Old a Kid in Psychological Terms?
Psychology suggests that a 20-year-old is not a “kid” in the traditional sense but rather an emerging adult. While they may still display some characteristics associated with youth—such as exploring identity, relying on support, and navigating brain development—they are also making significant strides toward autonomy and adulthood. They are moving away from the dependence of adolescence but may not yet possess all the cognitive, emotional, and social skills of a fully mature adult.
Ultimately, the age of 20 represents a transition point where young adults are both “growing up” and “finding themselves,” positioned uniquely between adolescence and full adulthood.
